Influence of ternary divalent cations (Mg2+, Co2+, Sr2+) substitution on the physicochemical, mechanical and biological properties of carbonated hydroxyapatite scaffolds

Substitution of ionic either anion or cation in a controlled amount into carbonated hydroxyapatite (CHA) structure is one the efficient and safest ways enhancing properties materials. However, most works studied only focused on physical mechanical single substitution. For first time, influence simultaneous ternary substitutions divalent cations porous CHA scaffolds physicochemical, mechanical, degradative, vitro biological investigated present study. Three different compositions with binary cations, namely, pure (S11), CoSr (S21), MgCoSr (S31) were fabricated using polyurethane (PU) foam replication technique. Despite small Mg2+, Co2+, Sr2+ being added, these had successfully substituted Ca2+ site remained as single-phase B-type CHA. The produced demonstrated open, interconnected, uniform pores. Interestingly, substitution enhanced compressive strength sintered also promoted better cell attachment activities than doped- scaffolds. It important to note that choosing right can be determining factor tuning